OIL AND GAS: AN OVERVIEW

Introduction:

Oil and Gas are known as Fossil Fuels. They formed from the dead plants and animals, which buried under layers of sediments over Millions of years. They play a significant role as an energy source and power. They are non-renewable resources. They are flammable. They found Naturally in the beneath of Earth surface.

DEFINITION OF OIL:

Oil is in thick liquid, a chemical substance in the non-polar form. It is formed from organic material. Composition of oil is:

Hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic in nature (do not mix with water)
Lipophilic in nature (mixes with other oils).

Extract by drilling wells. Refine by different conversion processes.

DEFINITION OF GAS:

Gas is in the form of gaseous state. Fuel for heating and as a raw in the cooking process. It is colorless, odorless and highly flammable are the properties of natural gas. Composition of light hydrocarbons (e.g., Methane).

Types of OIL and GAS:

OIL TYPES

Here are four major types:

Crude Oil
Non-petroleum Oils
Synthetic Oils
Refined Oils (Petrol / Gasoline, Naphtha, Diesel oil, Kerosene and Jet fuel/ Lubricating Oil

GAS TYPES

Here are five major types:

CNG
LNG
Natural Gas (For Vehicle Fuel)
LPG
Shale Gas.

HISTORY

Ancient Times,

In Mesopotamia, Oil was used for waterproofing boats around 3000BCE. In China, around 500BCE, they seeped the gas from bamboo tubes.

Middle Ages

Oil seeps used in Middle East and China for lightning purposes. GAS: In Persia, people worshipped ETERNAL FLAMES.

Modern Era

In 1859, Erwin Drake started the Petroleum in PENNSYLVANIA by drilled wells. The 1^st modern oil well.

In 1821, the natural gas well commercial in NEW YORK.

IN PAKISTAN

OIL discovered from Punjab, Sindh, and KPK provinces.
GAS discovered from Baluchistan province region (SUI), in 1952.

OIL AND GAS COMPANIES

International level

Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)
Exxon Mobil (USA)
Shell (UK/Netherlands)

National level (Pakistan)

Pakistan State Oil.
PARCO
Attock Petroleum

OIL SPILLS AND GAS LEAK

Oil spills and gas leakage cause by the Rupture of pipeline, Tanker accidents.

REFERENCES

Google Scholar (SciHub)

Oil and Gas 4.0 era: A systematic review and outlook

www.elsevier.com/locate/compi nd

Hongfang Lu, LijunGuo, Muhammadamin Azimi, Kun Huang

Library of Congress Guide

Oil and Gas Industry: A Research Guide

https://guides.loc.gov/oil-and-gas-industry

Trading Economics

https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/crude-oil

WIKIPEDIA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_of_oil